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[personal profile] nnozomi
Isomura Haruko was born in 1877 in Fukushima; her maiden name was Koizumi. She attended Miyagi Girls’ School (but unlike Soma Kokko, a year older, apparently did not participate in the students’ strike there), and became a teacher there after graduating. She also probably became a Christian at some point during her schooling.

In 1903 she married the businessman Isomura Gento and moved with him to Tokyo. He handled various manufacturing and trading concerns; Haruko helped out by using her school English to read technical documents, and in order to polish it spent time studying at Japan Women’s University and the Women’s English Institute (founded by Tsuda Umeko), remaining in school even when she became pregnant.

In 1905 she was hired by the Hochi Shimbun newspaper as a reporter, following in the footsteps of Hani Motoko. She had small children by this point (she was to bear a total of eight children), and because of her habit of bringing her children to work, became known as the “reporter with the ruby text,” a pun on the use of a smaller (ruby) font to add pronunciation text next to the larger main text. She reported on the visit of an American fleet to Yokohama in 1908, making use of her English, and at some point (probably in 1907) secured an exclusive interview with future President Taft. In 1911 she went up in Yamada Isaburo’s experimental airship and reported on the experience.

In 1913 Haruko published a collection of her writing called Ima no Onna [Women of Today], containing dozens of interviews and word-sketches of both individuals and situations, the former including Hasegawa Shigure, Okada Yachiyo, Shimoda Utako, and Soma Kokko, as well as many lesser known women (a midwife, a clerk, a young mother, a printing press worker, a beautician, a tea master, the wives of a detective, an actor, a miner, and a hotelier, and more) the latter covering topics from a station waiting room to a marriage brokerage, a movie house, a rakugo theater, an advice bureau, and so on).

Haruko’s husband’s business failed in 1915; they moved to a much smaller house and she went to work for the Yamato Shimbun newspaper and then became a freelancer. In 1918, she died of heart disease at the age of 41.

Sources
宮城女学校第7回生の夫たち:顔写真特定と目歯比率 (I can’t link this because it’s a PDF, but googling it will get the link; Japanese) An account of Haruko and her husband’s history, along with those of several of her classmates and their husbands; interesting photographs
https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/951262/1/139 (Japanese) Haruko’s book on Women of Today online; it looks extremely interesting if one takes the time to struggle through the prewar characters (also a good example of what ruby text looks like)
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Hani Motoko was born in 1873 as Matsuoka Motoko in far-northern Aomori, where her father was a former samurai; he left the family in disgrace when she was small, having lost the status he gained by marrying in when his disporting with local geisha became public (as a child Motoko would stride into the geisha house and sit down right next to her father as he drank, refusing the sweets offered her by the madam, until he could be dragged home). From early on she was a determined student who did not accept what she was taught at face value: “all right, one plus one is two, but why is it?”

After graduating from the local girls’ school, she moved on to study in Tokyo with the support of her education-mad grandfather (it took five days on a sled to Sendai, the nearest big city, and from there a day on the train). She eventually enrolled in the Meiji Girls’ School in order to study with its principal Iwamoto Yoshiharu (husband of Wakamatsu Shizuko), editor of the magazine Jogaku Zasshi [Women’s Learning], a liberal, Christian, quasi-feminist organ of which Motoko was a devoted reader. She earned her dormitory fees by working as a proofreader for the magazine.

In 1893 she returned to the north to teach elementary school, where she fell into a brief marriage which lasted only six months, apparently due to her husband’s dissolute ways (or possibly to his mother’s refusal to accept Motoko as his wife); they met by correspondence and she may not have known what he was like until meeting him in person. Another theory is that she married him thinking she could change him and found out she was wrong. Later she called it her “first love (I’d rather not think of it as a marriage).”

Afterward, she went back to Tokyo and found a home with the doctor Yoshioka Yayoi as a live-in maid. Yayoi and her husband were helpful in finding work better suited to Motoko’s abilities: after another stint as an elementary school teacher, in 1898 she went to work for the Hochi Shimbun newspaper as Japan’s first woman reporter, or at least one of the very earliest (originally hired as a proofreader, having bluffed her way past the gender barrier on the strenght of her work, she wrote articles on spec that impressed the editors enough to let her move up). Her articles tended to focus on often-neglected social and women’s issues.

Three years later, Motoko married her colleague Hani Yoshikazu, seven years younger than she; the two subsequently left the paper to found their own magazine, Katei no Tomo [Household Friend] (later Fujin no Tomo [Housewife’s Friend]. Written by Motoko and managed by Yoshikazu, the magazine was full of interviews, accounts from readers, and housekeeping hints (including Motoko’s rational template for keeping a household budget), which brought it immediate popularity.

Their oldest daughter Setsuko was born in 1903, followed by Keiko in 1909 (a middle daughter died young). In 1921 Motoko and her husband, realizing they couldn’t find a school where they wanted to enroll their children, founded the Jiyu Gakuen [Free School, named based on the Biblical quotation “the truth shall set you free”], originally aimed at girls from age twelve to nineteen, offering a liberal education not in accordance with government regulations or the “mechanical” rote education then prevalent (the more things change). The students met in “family groups” of five rather than classes, cleaned their own rooms and made their own meals, and studied according to their interests. The only hitch was that tuition and meal costs were high, meaning that the students came uniformly from well-to-do families. However, the school gained considerable social recognition for its students' volunteering to help the disaster-afflicted, including in the wake of the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The school kept its “Free” name throughout World War II, in spite of governmental pressure, and retains it today (it now runs from kindergarten through college, coeducational although with separate boys/girls sections for junior high and high school).

Hani Yoshikazu died in 1955 and Motoko followed him in 1957, aged eighty-three. Her reflections on life included “There are two forces in life: ‘give it a try’ and ‘it won’t work anyway.’ You’ve got to choose one or the other.” Her younger daughter Keiko took over the school after her parents’ deaths, while Setsuko became a feminist writer and activist; Setsuko’s son Susumu and his daughter Mio were both film directors, and Susumu’s sister Kyoko was a music educator.

Sources
Nakae, Ishii, Mori 1996, Shimamoto
https://www.fujinnotomo.co.jp/about/life/ (Japanese) Very cute photos of Motoko and her husband in their youth
https://jiyu.jp/ (Japanese) Photos of the Jiyu Gakuen school, including the dazzling Myonichikan designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
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Matsumoto Eiko was born in 1866 in present-day Chiba, where her father was a prosperous, well-connected farmer with an interest in education. He taught Eiko calligraphy from age two; by the time she was seven, it was her characters adorning the village road signs and the shrine banners (some of them still used today). When she was eight, her father sent her to Tokyo to get a better education; she lodged with the family of his friend Tsuda Sen, whose daughter Ume was studying in America. Eiko attended various prestigious girls’ schools of the time, learning English and becoming a Methodist. By the time she was eighteen, Tsuda Umeko had returned from the States; Eiko, two years younger, admired and envied her.

After graduating from normal school, Eiko married the Foreign Ministry translator Ienaga Toyokichi and had a son, Katsunosuke (or possibly Shonosuke, in either case meaning “victory” to commemorate the end of the Sino-Japanese War), but the marriage dissolved when both his family and her birth family fell on hard times. Giving her son to her ex-husband’s family, she was left to fend for hersel. For some time she taught English at the School for Noble Girls, working with Umeko, Shimada Utako, and Ishii Fudeko, but her real dream was to become a journalist.

In 1900, she was hired by the Mainichi Shimbun newspaper. Her first big project was an investigation of the Ashio Copper Mine environmental pollution incident, not far from her place of birth. In 1901, she went with Yajima Kajiko, Ushioda Chiseko and others from the Japan Christian Women’s Organization to investigate the site; in addition to writing articles for the Mainichi about the harm done, she formed an association with the other women which took responsibility for having the sick treated in Tokyo and sending clothes and food to the affected villages. Although they underwent police investigation more than once, women and girls around the country supported their work, including the socialist Nishikawa Fumiko in Kyoto. Eiko wrote some 59 articles in total on the topic, often quoting the victims themselves in their own voices at length, under the penname “Midoriko”; they were later released as a book.

At the end of 1902 she moved unexpectedly to the US (the reasons are unclear: out of frustration with Japan’s political and social state of affairs, to get away from a failed love affair, all of the above?), visiting several cities and working for a Japanese booth at the St. Louis World’s Fair of 1905. As “Tama Ide,” she gave numerous lectures on Japan, fuelled by the rise in attention to Japan upon its victory in the Russo-Japanese War.

In 1906, having settled in San Francisco, she married the all-around businessman Nagai Gen, who had grown up not far from her own hometown and gone to school in America. One of the first things she did after marriage was to work for relief for victims of the San Francisco Earthquake. Thereafter, she studied literature, languages, and botany at the University of California, Stanford, and the College of the Pacific, earning her BA and MA. Her husband’s insurance business boomed with her assistance. When World War I broke out, Eiko was not shy about voicing her pacifism in poems and essays published in a journal for Japanese women in the US. She argued that textbooks should no longer praise war heroes, that Departments and Ministries of War should be replaced by their equivalents of Peace, and that women were the heralds of peace and hope, among other points.

She died in 1928, cared for by her husband, amid a stack of half-read books including Rousseau, Flaubert, Maupassant, Pierre Loti, and Zola.

Sources
Mori 1996
https://tais.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/113/files/%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E5%AD%90%E3%80%8CAshio%20Coppermine%20Mineral%20Pollution%20Problem%20and%20Women's%20Movement-Focusing%20on%20Polluted%20Area%20Relife%20Women's%20Association-%20%E3%80%8D.pdf (English) Essay on the work of Eiko and other women for the Ashio Mine problem and the background issues
https://ac.cdn-aoyamagakuin.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/jyenda_nenpou_2021.pdf (Japanese) Article on Eiko’s life with various contemporary photos and reproductions

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Histories of women in and around Japan, 1868-1945

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Icon is Uemura Shoen's "Self-Portrait at Age 16," 1891

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